Part B2 · Inflation and Currency

Nominal vs Real

Nominal numbers are in today's money; real numbers remove inflation. In high-inflation markets, nominal growth can hide a real decline.

Nominal vs Real · Illustrated by Hendra Saputra with AI assistanceSelect the illustration to explore it at a larger size.

The idea

Real growth = (1 + nominal growth) / (1 + inflation) - 1, with rates expressed as decimals over the same period. In an illustrative case, 15% ARPU growth and 24% inflation give about -7.3% real growth. CPI is a general purchasing-power benchmark, not a complete measure of operator costs or segment-specific affordability.

Use it thoughtfully

  • Put real ARPU beside nominal ARPU in reports.
  • Set targets in real terms or state the inflation assumed.
  • Recheck price positions after each inflation release.

An example

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE: A Myanmar report shows ARPU up 15% in kyat. Adjusted for 24% inflation, each customer pays 7.3% less in real terms.

A question to try

Did your revenue per customer grow last year in real terms?

A useful framework is a starting point, not a guarantee. Effects vary with the audience, product and situation. Use truthful evidence, respect customer choice, and test the result.

Connect the ideas

Illustration

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